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Imagine you have seventy five papers to grade written by your 75 college students. /Pass up and the recipient’s initially and previous name. Theories of advancement include things like phases of prenatal advancement, cognitive improvement, and adolescent enhancement. The writer follows deadlines and makes all essential revisions so that you can submit a paper in due time. No procrastination or putting it on the again burner. Along with good grammar, one should show an unlimited vocabulary, fashion and writing abilities to get a good grade. To see what glorious inventive writing ought to seem like, we suggest that you simply choose the ENL category of author. Somehow, the company managed to make an intensive revision and get rid of all the mistakes and flaws in my paper, and it did so earlier than the deadline! When I requested my author how he managed to do that so quickly, he stated he asked for some assist from his pals as he understood how much I wanted my paper to be turned in on time. After two years of cooperation, we are nonetheless together. Fortunately, no state of affairs arose the place I wanted a refund, as all of the papers I actually have ordered from RapidEssay have been of top quality and had been delivered on time. Send your request “write my analysis paper” to a sophisticated writer and you'll obtain an project completed by a specialist with vast expertise and nice feedback from earlier customers. Writers turn out to be superior when we promote them from the fundamental class because the results of their diligent work and skill to never let their shoppers down. The help of superior writers will cost you an extra fee equal to 25% of the preliminary value of your order. For this cause, Paraphrasing-Tool may be invaluable for stimulating the creative writing course of. This on-line useful resource will present a vast array of fresh, new methods of claiming the same old statements, sentences and expressions. The need to be taught in addition to the will and talent to write stem from the mind’s capacities and habits. Why not give attention to constructing students’ habits of thoughts that might allow them to be better at writing? As an educator, you’re in all probability very often buried in writing, engaged on dissertations, statements, scripts for webinars, presentations, and whatnot. To learn more about it, simply read the Terms of Use section. We have 500+ writers with only the highest ratings, nice testimonials and a few years of writing expertise. We ship high quality tutorial papers exactly whenever you want them and earlier than the expected deadline. I am so grateful for this opportunity from St. Thomas. This grant has given me the opportunity to take what I’ve learned in my artistic writing courses and apply it to my writing on a larger scale. The author crafts each analysis paper from scratch, primarily based on your instructions. Our paper writers method every consumer individually. The finest way to hone in on the correct expressions on your particular situation is to experiment with and mull over each possible word combination that you can imagine. In many circumstances, this artistic process is restricted as you're thoughts can only keep in mind so many different phrases in one sitting. You, of all folks, understand how onerous it is to arrange your self, juggling a number of duties at a time. So, your college students would undoubtedly respect time-management recommendation, and actionable writing prompts. After planning assignments, the next massive thing is arranging the writing process of students and offering them with well timed steerage. Writing assignments come in numerous varieties and shapes, from lab work to a short argumentative essay. Why, then, do many college students find yourself failing to finish them? It just contradicts plain logicâ€"the extra college students get into the behavior of writing, the higher their writing skills ought to become. If you notice, most of your writing time will be spent on the entrance finishâ€"creating the primary draft of the paper. This is as a result of everything after that shall be revisionary. You’re not writing in a vacuumâ€"you've tutorial assist at your fingertips, in addition to friends who are in the identical boat. Make an appointment with the writing center to get a semi-professional set of eyes, and had that paper to a good friend for quick notes.

How To Write The Introduction Of Your Development Economics Paper

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When I requested my author how he managed to do that so quickly, he stated he asked for some assist from his pals as he understood how much I wanted my paper to be turned in on time. After two years of cooperation, we are nonetheless together. Fortunately, no state of affairs arose the place I wanted a refund, as all of the papers I actually have ordered from RapidEssay have been of top quality and had been delivered on time. Send your request “write my analysis paper” to a sophisticated writer and you'll obtain an project completed by a specialist with vast expertise and nice feedback from earlier customers. Writers turn out to be superior when we promote them from the fundamental class because the results of their diligent work and skill to never let their shoppers down. The help of superior writers will cost you an extra fee equal to 25% of the preliminary value of your order. For this cause, Paraphrasing-Tool may be invaluable for stimulating the creative writing course of. 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This grant has given me the opportunity to take what I’ve learned in my artistic writing courses and apply it to my writing on a larger scale. The author crafts each analysis paper from scratch, primarily based on your instructions. Our paper writers method every consumer individually. The finest way to hone in on the correct expressions on your particular situation is to experiment with and mull over each possible word combination that you can imagine. In many circumstances, this artistic process is restricted as you're thoughts can only keep in mind so many different phrases in one sitting. You, of all folks, understand how onerous it is to arrange your self, juggling a number of duties at a time. So, your college students would undoubtedly respect time-management recommendation, and actionable writing prompts. After planning assignments, the next massive thing is arranging the writing process of students and offering them with well timed steerage. Writing assignments come in numerous varieties and shapes, from lab work to a short argumentative essay. Why, then, do many college students find yourself failing to finish them? It just contradicts plain logicâ€"the extra college students get into the behavior of writing, the higher their writing skills ought to become. If you notice, most of your writing time will be spent on the entrance finishâ€"creating the primary draft of the paper. This is as a result of everything after that shall be revisionary. You’re not writing in a vacuumâ€"you've tutorial assist at your fingertips, in addition to friends who are in the identical boat. Make an appointment with the writing center to get a semi-professional set of eyes, and had that paper to a good friend for quick notes.

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Transforming Of The Market Society - 1573 Words

Sosc essay 3 Christian Yong Professor Cameron Johnston AP/SOSC1140 9 February 2016 Transforming to the Market Society We currently live in a market society that is completely different from past societies. In market society, the society is a system of self-regulating market as a whole (Polanyi 43). People are needed to act and think in particular ways for the market society to function (Polanyi 68). For instance, people in market society believe that economic relations are more needed than interpersonal relations (Polanyi 44). Polanyi calls the emergence of market society â€Å"the great transformation†. My thesis is the change to market society is a fundamental transformation due to market society being characterized by self-regulation, fictitious commodities and an emphasis on individuals, which are considerably different from past societies. A number of the differences that take place under the workplace in the system of market society will also be shown. Furthermore, the thoughts that people have about the world in market society will be explained by pointing out the association between t he â€Å"spirit of capitalism† and the â€Å"protestant work ethic†. Lastly, the reasons why these ideological conditions are essential to the emergence of market society will be provided. The first characteristic of market society that causes the change to market society essential is that within the economy there is self-regulation and it is defined as â€Å"market economy† (Polanyi 68).Show MoreRelatedSilks and Religion in Eurasia Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagessilk market was consistently changing and innovating. Many different people through out history have had the honor to wear this delicate and valuable fabric such as: priest, emperors, elite officials, and even some merchants. 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Ambiguous Concepts Of Insolvency Between Temporary Lack Of...

1. Ambiguous concepts of insolvency between temporary lack of liquidity S588G impose a duty on directors stop a company trading while it is insolvent or would become insolvent. The provision requires directors take any reasonable steps to prevent incurring debts and maintain the maximum abilities to pay the present creditors or protect future creditors. The ultimately objective is to protect the creditors. According to S588G, as long as the directors suspect that the company is insolvent or would become insolvent and fail to prevent a company from insolvent trading, he or she would potentially personal liable for all the debts incurred since insolvency. Under S95A, A company is insolvent if it is unable to pay all its debts when they become due for payment (Hanrahan, 2015). It is difficult for directors to figure out whether the company is temporary lack of liquidity or insolvent. Furthermore, the uncertain local and global economic conditions would make them feel hesitant about whether the decision they make will save the company not. This provision put significantly personal liabilities on directors’ shoulder. Directors special without company share directors would rather to simply give up saving the company by winding up or appointing an administrator than put their personal wealth on risk even though there is a chance to rescue it. One of the objective of appointing an voluntary administration is to put a company into a temporary† safety zone† from its creditors andShow MoreRelatedBanking Concepts and Practices39548 Words   |  159 PagesXITE, Gamharia Banking Concepts Practice [Paper 11: Elective II, Academic Session 2011-12] 1. Evolution of Banking: Bank-Meaning, Definition, Features Classification, Concept of Different Types of Banking System, Overview of Indian Banking System 2. Commercial Bank: Basic Concept of Commercial bank, Role of Commercial bank in Financial System, Credit Control by Central Bank 3. Central Bank: Meaning, Functions, Methods of Credit Control 4. Monetary Policy: Meaning, ObjectivesRead MoreCorporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay62808 Words   |  252 PagesTable of Contents I.) INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES 2 A.) Efficiency and Other Concepts 2 B.) Agency and Partnership Law 2 II.) INTRODUCTION TO THE CORPORATE FORM 16 A.) Formation and Structure 16 B.) Debt, Equity, and Valuation 22 III.) CONTROL OF CORPORATE DECISIONS 32 A.) The Role of the Shareholder 32 B.) Management Obligations 50 1.) Duty of Care 51 2.) Duty of Loyalty 56 3.) Duty of Fairness: Parent-Subsidiary Relationships 63 4.) Duty of Good Faith 64 5.) Management ObligationsRead MoreTestbook Answers112756 Words   |  452 Pagesaspect of dividend irrelevancy--given a dividend policy, the value of the firm is the same whether it is based on dividends or cash flows. A related illustration is given in the outline of clean surplus theory in Section 6.5.1. The only difference between that illustration and this question is that here valuation is as at time 0, whereas in Section 6.5.1 valuation is as at time 1. Copyright  © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc 17 Scott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement, Fourth Edition I. Management 17 17 2. The Evolution of Management Thought Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy †¢ Leadership, Fifth Edition I. Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change Read MoreCorporate Finance174197 Words   |  697 PagesEnd of Chapter Solutions Corporate Finance 8th edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe Updated 11-21-2006 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE Answers to Concept Questions 1. In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firm’s management. This separation of ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to exist. Management may

Education Philosophy and Rationale Free Essays

Education Philosophy and Rationale Teaching has been a tradition in our family. As a kid, I grew up with my aunt being an elementary education and my grandma as a teacher in preschool. It started with my grandmother in her late 30’s, teaching kindergarten in Taiwan. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Philosophy and Rationale or any similar topic only for you Order Now My mom use to tell me how great of a teacher she was. She would always find ways to make every student to be involved in her classroom. Other teachers in campus would always ask my grandmother for advices and strategy. Her philosophy was simple; to keep the classroom entertained for her students to learn. My grandma believed children have very short patient. In order to catch all her student’s attention, sometimes she would try to be funny or joke around with her students. Her jokes and entertainments was another strategy to make student learn. She would relate topic in classroom in her jokes to make learning easy and fun. My grandma believed being different is the only way to bring out the best of a child. To me, I see my grandma as a legend. There was nothing special about her philosophy but only to be herself. Learning from her and my aunt, I understand the value of learning, and helped me build a passion to educate, and learn from students who my life will be a part of and theirs. For this reason and a few others, I have decided to become a teacher. Educator needs a starting point to understand why we think and act the way we do in our classrooms. Educator’s needs to be able to understand how are teachers made and why some teacher has different views in educating than the others. Teachers have their own philosophy to educate students. It makes learning easier; if teachers apply their own values and beliefs in the classroom. Before we discover our beliefs, we would have to know what type of philosophy best fit a future educator. Education has a purpose. Teacher is responsible to teach every kid who are enrolling in school. Teacher’s goals should be; to teach the basic knowledge a student needs to know so they can move on to the next level of education. Education should not be something that should be forced into anyone, but as future teacher, I would suggest education to everyone. However, I do not believe education is for everyone. Some people feel that having the basic knowledge is good enough to survive, other believe learning has no ending to it. I believe learning don’t have an ending. We learn something new each day. My teaching philosophy is to open the minds of every one of my students so they can have deeper thoughts into my question. It gives student the opportunity to find the answer themselves rather than guiding them through the question. This can cause argument or debate with students but in reality, student are arguing for the best answer to be right, which it’s a good practice for student to think and learn from other people’s idea and use that to improve their own answer. I want to build confident in my student to succeed in class. I do not believe every child is in the same learning speed, but I do feel that each one of my student are able to find their own way of understanding their own strategy to improve their learning knowledge. This type of philosophy in teaching makes me Metaphysics and an Axiology as my ways of teaching. My philosophy do not include much of Epistemology and Logic. Not because I don’t believe in it, but I see myself more as Metaphysics and an Axiology. Epistemology are often use in classes because teacher are suppose to teach student the ways to succeed in life. Student starts learning from the teacher body language then the actual teaching. We as teacher have to make sure what we say or do have to be appropriate for others to hear or see. As much I don’t include Epistemology as my philosophy in teaching, I believe I am using epistemology as a philosophy in teaching without me realizing it. Logic works the same way, it’s the essential in all areas of life, I teach student to think more logically to find the best answers. Logic can be proven in many ways. In class, student’s mission is to find the best logic for each answer I given, Outside of class, student uses logic to make the best decision. I disagree teacher only uses one philosophy to teach their student. I believe every teacher uses a little of each philosophy to put together their own ways of teaching. My education philosophy in the classroom is simply. I am aware that classroom has students that use one of more ways of learning, and I plan to integrate these various ways throughout my teaching. I want my students to learn in a way they are comfortable with, not to compete with other people but themselves. With my ambition to reveal other ways of learning, I feel I can open more options for students to become successful. I will also bring out the traditional academics in my classroom. I believe student needs to know the basic, common facts for rational and even emotional development. Finally, I will create a fun, be- yourself type of atmosphere in the classroom to give student a chance to be who they are. The atmosphere has to be enjoyable for the mind to only focus on learning. I plan on having activities that involve group games and creative projects. Although, I want my student to have as much freedom in class, there will be rules and conduct to follow for disciplinary actions and behaviors. I want my students to feel free to explore their creative sides, but also have student to participate creative lessons such as art and writing. I will base my program of study on truthful facts because I feel that such traditional teachings will supply elementary student’s stability and durability. Teaching should be a fun and enjoyable for the teacher and students. My theory is just to have fun and learn as much as you can from the school and the teachers. As an elementary educator I will conduct myself with a positive attitude as a motivated leader in my classroom. I will understand each one of my students and guide them to explore deeply in education. My goal is to see my student to become successful throughout my philosophy in teaching and pursue a higher education as they aged. Overall, I am passionate to become an elementary teacher. I am eager to work for the school system. I want to be become an inspiration to students as much as my aunt and grandmother did. I want my students to know they can be anything they want, as long as they put in the effort. I want to keep this tradition alive in my family and hopefully pass down to the next generation. I believe everyone has a mission in life. I can’t thank enough to my family and teachers that help me find that mission. Hopefully after college, I will soon find a school that I can give dedication too, and become one of a million teachers that touches each childs life with education and motivation. Reference * Gutek, General Lee (2009) new perspectives on philosophy and education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey; Pearson Education Inc. * LeoNora M Cohen amp; Gelbrich Judy (1999) School of education, OSU http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/ed416/sample. html * Ornstein, A. C. , amp; Levine, D. U. (2006). Foundations of education  (9th  ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. How to cite Education Philosophy and Rationale, Papers

Reality Television Research Paper Example

Reality Television Paper Entertainment for some, humiliation for others, new beginnings for some, bad endings for others, dreams turned into reality for some and dreams shattered for others. Reality television on which anything can happen, millions of viewers gripped to their seats, pulses racing ogling at a box. Millions of people they can not all be crazy to watch reality television, or can they? Little did Philo Taylor Farnsworth, the inventor of the television know that one day lazy people who sit in a house all day or people who eat bugs in a jungle will be shown on his invention. How can reality television be useful? Deviant, destructive and disastrous, what knowledge will viewers gain by watching diabolical fools shouting abuse and using profanity? Teenagers are believed to be influenced by the media very easily, seeing all this negativity it clearly shows what they will gain from it. weak brained On the other hand, reality television can be seen as educational. Youngsters get to see the real world and different people who all have different personalities. Reality television teaches youngsters about the real world and the situations that can arise in life. Humans learn by seeing things and experiencing them, everyone must have seen how children want to touch a flame despite the parents shouting, but once the child touches the flame the child never does it again knowing it burns, in the same way teenagers watch reality television and learn from the situations that contestants have to face and apply it to their own lives and consider it while making decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Television specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, the contestants who participate in reality television shows are from a broad spectrum of society which enables youngsters to see the behaviour of wealthy and poor alike. However, how can people be sure what they are watching is reality? All they see is what the camera wants them to see and when the camera is on all they see us people wearing masks of disguise, pretending to be someone else for popularity, fame, money and crazy viewers to become obsessed with them. Humans are so pathetic that they sit in front of a box watching the lives of other lame people, who are just acting. Why call it reality television when people are acting? Theatres are made to watch people act, why watch shameless people act on what is supposed to be called reality television? In contrast to this, reality television is full of entertainment. In this modern world with all the stress from grumpy managers and resentful co-workers, entertainment is necessary and if people can be relieved from a tough day at work, by seeing the humiliation of other people who themselves chose to enter the show, then what is the harm? Adding on, youngsters who instead of causing crime and irritating old people on streets, enjoy watching reality television and enjoy the embarrassment of other people then what is the harm? However it can be argued that those ordinary people, who like many others, dream high however get disgraced and degraded in front of millions of people which immediately knocks down their confidence. Reality television is derogatory which has a negative effect on the contestants. Reality television acts as a catalyst to defame and suppress personality characteristics of the participants. Nevertheless, reality television benefits contestants despite the derogatory behaviour, due to reality television shows contestants are able to express themselves which relieves their emotional trauma and catharsis. Moreover it helps contestants build positive relations with others and living in a different lifestyle helps them appreciate their own lifestyle and helps them to improve it. In Celebrity Big Brother 2007, millions of viewers witnessed the famous racial row between the Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty and English celebrity Jade Goody however, after the row Shilpa and Jade became friends and held no grudges against each other which shows that despite the controversy the contestants experienced they learnt to resolve the problems amicably. However, reality television shows send a bad message and fixation on instant celebrities. Shows like Big Brother suggest that anyone can become famous by participating on a reality television show and lounging around in a house all day shouting abuse without working hard or having any particular talent at all. Youngsters who watch these shows will assume that education is not important and that they do not need to study hard in school or train hard for a regular job. Producers of reality television shows themselves earn thousands of pounds however they show influential shows which influence others in a negative way and make them loose out on education, is this right? It can be argued that we believe in freedom and free speech. In this modern day society many people do a variety of things and fairly speaking, they all have a right to do anything they want as long as they abide the law. Moreover, it can be said that millions of viewers watch reality television and we have to accept reality television as an expression of popular and democratic taste. Adding on, nobody is compelled to appear in reality television or indeed watch it. Many people argue that reality television shows are a bad influence but no one forces people to watch it, everyone has the right to pick up their remote control and switch the television off or change the channel. A study found that in the year 2000, 70% of the population watched reality television occasionally or on a regular basis, so is it fair for a minority of reality television haters to stop the huge minority of people from watching the shows that they are crazy for? In contrast, the show Americas Next Top Model which last year on September 9th had 3. 22 million viewers tuned in, some groaning and moaning at the girls they dislike and some admiring the beauty of the model with the slender waist. The show on which many female contestants enter, exposing their beauty and skills to the viewers and craving to impress the judges with their bony bodies and fresh faces. However, shows like this promote being skinny and attractive and contribute to eating disorders like anorexia within teenage girls. About ninety percent of those who are known to develop anorexia are female, why? Because girls feel pressurized to be thin by shows like Americas Next Top Model and feel that the only way that they will look attractive is by having the characteristics of the models on television. Millions of people can not all be crazy watching reality television, or can they? There are many reasons for watching reality television, some people watch it simply for a laugh to cheer them up, and others watch reality television to admire the beauty of the models and celebrities. However is this all really harmless fun? Teenage girls are becoming influenced by the television and are turning as skinny as sticks, other contestants are completely embarrassed to try something new again due to the insults they received from the strict judges and the taunts and mockery from other people. Nothing in the world is ever perfect; some people love something into to bits while others feel sick at the name of it. The same principal applies to reality television, while some viewers sit all day enjoying themselves watching the humiliation of others there are some viewers who rage with anger while reading the name of a reality television show listed on the television guide. The producers make a huge amount of money from reality television shows, the contestants become famous and the viewers get entertained, everyone is happy. However on the other hand, swearing and violence are shown, teenagers get influenced by all the negativity and many youngsters become lazy in school due to the image in some shows which suggests that no talent is needed to become famous.

Why I transformed myself into a Nightinggale-Review essays

Why I transformed myself into a Nightinggale-Review essays Often one finds themselves in the middle of a novel or short story engaged in one goal. To simply read the work for its face value and mere words printed on paper to reach the climactic and almost certain moral value that we hope all stores will have in the end. Consider the following passage by Wolfgang Hildesheimer from his short story of Why I Transformed Myself into a Nightingale: My father was a zoologist. Because he thought the literature on batrachia was incompetent and rather inaccurate, he spent his life writing a multivolume study on the subject which became famous in scholarly circles. This work never really appealed to me, although we had lots of frogs and salamanders at home whose lives and patterns of development would have merited my study. My mother had been an actress before she married, and she achieved her greatest triumph as Ophelia at the Zwickau State Theater; she never surpassed this high watermark. To this I owe my name Laertes, certainly a euphonious but somewhat peculiar name. Nevertheless, I am grateful that she didnt name me Polonius or Guildenstern-but of course it doesnt matter now. When I was five years old, my parents gave me a magic set. I learned how to make a certain amount of childish magic before I could read or write. With the powder and instruments contained in the kit, I could turn colorless water red and back to colorless water again, halve a wooden egg simply by turning it upside down (while the other half disappeared without a trace), and make a handkerchief change colors by pulling it through a ring. In short, there wasnt anything in the kit-as is the case with most toys-which represents reality in the miniature. The manufacturer of this toy seemed intent on ignoring the educational value and suppressing the childs awakening sense of utility. This experience had a decided influence on my later development in that the joy of chan...

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages When we think about daily life in the Middle Ages, we cannot ignore the death rate that, compared to that of modern times, was horrendously high. This was particularly true for children, who have always been more susceptible to disease than adults. Some might be tempted to see this high rate of mortality as indicative of either an inability of parents to provide proper care for their children or a lack of interest in their welfare. As we shall see, neither supposition is supported by the facts. Life for the Infant Folklore has it that the medieval child spent his first year or so wrapped in swaddling, stuck in a cradle, and virtually ignored. This raises the question of how thick-skinned the average medieval parent had to be in order to disregard the persistent cries of hungry, wet and lonely babies. The reality of medieval infant care is a trifle more complex. Swaddling In cultures such as England in the High Middle Ages, babies were often swaddled, theoretically to help their arms and legs grow straight. Swaddling involved wrapping the infant in linen strips with his legs together and his arms close to his body. This, of course, immobilized him and made him much easier to keep out of trouble. But infants were not swaddled continuously. They were changed regularly and released from their bonds to crawl around. The swaddling might come off altogether when the child was old enough to sit up on his own. Furthermore, swaddling was not necessarily the norm in all medieval cultures. Gerald of Wales remarked that Irish children were never swaddled, and seemed to grow strong and handsome just the same. Whether swaddled or not, the infant probably spent much of its time in the cradle when it was home. Busy peasant mothers might tie unswaddled babies into the cradle, allowing them to move within it but keeping them from crawling into trouble. But mothers often carried their babies about in their arms on their errands outside the home. Infants were even to be found near their parents as they labored in the fields at the busiest harvest times, on the ground or secured in a tree. Babies who were not swaddled were very often simply naked or wrapped in blankets against the cold. They may have been clad in simple gowns. There is little evidence for any other clothing, and since the child would quickly outgrow anything sewn especially for it, a variety of baby clothing was not an economic feasibility in poorer homes. Feeding An infants mother was ordinarily its primary caregiver, particularly in poorer families. Other family members might assist, but the mother usually fed the child since she was physically equipped for it. Peasants didnt often have the luxury of hiring a full-time nurse, although if the mother died or was too ill to nurse the baby herself, a wet nurse could often be found. Even in households that could afford to hire a wet nurse, it was not unknown for mothers to nurse their children themselves, which was a practice encouraged by the Church. Medieval parents sometimes found alternatives to breastfeeding their children, but there is no evidence that this was a common occurrence. Rather, families resorted to such ingenuity when the mother was dead or too ill to breastfeed, and when no wet nurse could be found. Alternate methods of feeding the child included soaking bread in milk for the child to ingest, soaking a rag in milk for the child to suckle, or pouring milk into his mouth from a horn. All were more difficult for a mother than simply putting a child to her breast, and it would appear that- in less affluent homes- if a mother could nurse her child, she did. However, among the nobility and wealthier town folk, wet nurses were quite common and frequently stayed on once the infant was weaned to care for him through his early childhood years. This presents the picture of a medieval yuppie syndrome, where parents lose touch with their offspring in favor of banquets, tourneys, and court intrigue, and someone else raises their child. This may indeed have been the case in some families, but parents could and did take an active interest in the welfare and daily activities of their children. They were also known to take great care in choosing the nurse and treated her well for the ultimate benefit of the child. Tenderness Whether a child received its food and care from its own mother or a nurse, it is difficult to make a case for a lack of tenderness between the two. Today, mothers report that nursing their children is a highly satisfying emotional experience. It seems unreasonable to assume that only modern mothers feel a biological bond that in more likelihood has occurred for thousands of years. It was observed that a nurse took the place of the mother in many respects, and this included providing affection to the baby in her charge. Bartholomaeus Anglicus described the activities nurses commonly performed: consoling children when they fell or were sick, bathing and anointing them, singing them to sleep, even chewing meat for them. Evidently, there is no reason to assume the average medieval child suffered for lack of affection, even if there was a reason to believe his fragile life would not last a year. Child Mortality Death came in many guises for the littlest members of medieval society. With the invention of the microscope centuries in the future, there was no understanding of germs as the cause of disease. There were also no antibiotics or vaccines. Diseases that a shot or a tablet can eradicate today claimed all too many young lives in the Middle Ages. If for whatever reason a baby could not be nursed, his chances of contracting illness increased; this was due to the unsanitary methods devised for getting food into him and the lack of beneficial breast milk to help him fight disease. Children succumbed to other dangers. In cultures that practiced swaddling infants or tying them into a cradle to keep them out of trouble, babies were known to die in fires when they were so confined. Parents were warned not to sleep with their infant children for fear of overlaying and smothering them. Once a child attained mobility, danger from accidents increased. Adventurous toddlers fell down wells and into ponds and streams, tumbled down stairs or into fires, and even crawled out into the street to be crushed by a passing cart. Unexpected accidents could befall even the most carefully watched toddler if the mother or nurse was distracted for only a few minutes; it was impossible, after all, to baby-proof the medieval household. Peasant mothers who had their hands full with myriad daily chores were sometimes unable to keep a constant watch on their offspring, and it was not unknown for them to leave their infants or toddlers unattended. Court records illustrate that this practice was not very common and met with disapproval in the community at large,  but negligence was not a crime with which distraught parents were charged when they had lost a child. Faced with a lack of accurate statistics, any figures representing mortality rates can only be estimates. It is true that for some medieval villages, surviving court records provide data concerning the number of children who died in accidents or under suspicious circumstances in a given time. However, since birth records were private, the number of children who survived is unavailable, and without a total, an accurate percentage cannot be determined. The highest  estimated  percentage I have encountered is a 50% death rate, although 30% is the more common figure. These figures include the high number of infants who died within days after birth from little-understood and wholly unpreventable illnesses that modern science has thankfully overcome. It has been proposed that in a society with a high child mortality rate, parents made no emotional investment in their children. This assumption is belied by the accounts of devastated mothers being counseled by priests to have courage and faith upon losing a child. One mother is said to have gone insane when her child died.  Affection and attachment were obviously present, at least among some members of medieval society. Furthermore, it strikes  a false  note to imbue the medieval parent with a deliberate calculation of his childs chances of survival. How much did a farmer and his wife think about survival rates when they held their gurgling baby in their arms? A hopeful mother and father can pray that, with luck or fate or the favor of God, their child would be one of at least half of the children born that year who would grow and thrive. There is also an assumption that the high death rate is due in part to infanticide. This is another misconception that should be addressed.   Infanticide The notion that infanticide was rampant in the  Middle Ages  has been used to bolster the equally erroneous concept that medieval families had no affection for their children. A dark and dreadful picture has been painted of thousands of unwanted  babies  suffering horrible fates at the hands of remorseless and cold-hearted parents. There is absolutely no evidence to support such carnage. That infanticide did exist is true; alas, it still takes place today. But the attitudes toward its practice are really the question, as is its frequency. To understand infanticide in the Middle Ages, it is important to examine its history in European society. In the  Roman Empire  and among some Barbarian tribes, infanticide was an accepted  practice. A newborn would be placed before its father; if he picked the child up, it would be considered a member of the family and its life would begin. However, if the family was on the edge of starvation, if the child was deformed, or if the father had any other reasons not to accept it, the infant would be abandoned to die of exposure, with rescue a real, if not always likely, possibility. Perhaps the most significant aspect of this procedure is that life for the child began  once it was accepted.  If the child was not accepted, it was essentially treated as if it had never been born. In non-Judeo-Christian societies, the immortal soul (if individuals were considered to  possess  one) was not necessarily considered to reside in a child from the moment of its conception. Therefore, infanticide was not regarded as murder. Whatever we might think today of this custom, the people of these ancient societies had what they considered to be sound reasons for performing infanticide. The fact that infants were occasionally abandoned or killed at birth apparently did not interfere with the ability of parents and siblings to love and cherish a newborn once it had been accepted as part of the family. In the fourth century, Christianity became the official religion of the Empire, and many Barbarian tribes had begun to convert, as well. Under the influence of the Christian Church, which saw the practice as a sin, Western European attitudes towards infanticide began to change. More and more children were baptized shortly after birth, giving the child an identity and a place in the community, and making the prospect of deliberately killing him an altogether different matter. This does not mean that infanticide was eradicated overnight throughout Europe. But, as was often the case with Christian influence, over time ethical outlooks altered, and the idea of killing an unwanted infant was more commonly viewed as horrific. As with most aspects of western culture, the Middle Ages served as a transition period between ancient societies and that of the modern world. Without hard  data, it is difficult to say just how quickly society and family attitudes towards infanticide changed in any given geographical area or among any particular cultural group. But change they did, as can be seen from the fact that infanticide was against the law in Christian European communities. Furthermore, by the late Middle  Ages,  the concept of infanticide was distasteful enough that the false accusation of the act was regarded as a salacious slander. While infanticide did persist, there is no evidence to support widespread, let alone rampant, practice. In Barbara Hanawalts examination of more than 4,000 homicide cases from medieval English court records, she found only three cases of infanticide.  While there may have been (and probably were) secret pregnancies and clandestine infant deaths, we have no evidence available to judge their frequency. We cannot assume they  never  happened, but we also cannot assume they happened on a regular basis. What is known is that no folkloric rationalization exists to justify the  practice and that folk tales dealing with the subject were cautionary in nature, with tragic consequences befalling characters that killed their babies. It seems fairly reasonable to conclude that medieval  society, on the whole, regarded infanticide as a horrible act. The killing of unwanted infants  was, therefore, the exception, not the rule, and cannot be regarded as evidence of widespread indifference towards children from their parents. Sources Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986). Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993).